(R-BY2920)
Michael Cooley
The following table is simply a bare summary of the results and can be copied and pasted into a spreadsheet. This is helpful for keeping track of larger projects. With the exception of those indicated by an asterisk, the novel SNPs (novel variants) can be tested at YSEQ.net for $18 each and a one-time kit fee of $6 for the first order.
| KIT | TREE | MRCA | TEST | NOVEL VARIANTS | |||||||||||||||
| #931168 | | FT382943 FT383353 FT383406 FT382327
| #214154 | FT109167 BY133701 FT109430 BY147103 FT108778 FT109029
| #660337 | BY91337 BY106365 BY117678 BY126759 FTH50591 4509931=TC BY62225 BY74105
| #413768 | --
| |
* SNP cannot undergo Sanger testing
A SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) occurs when there's a genetic change at a single position, for example an A mutated to a C. Each marker listed in the tree below is a SNP, and each one was manifested at the birth of a single man. This doesn't happen every generation but, if we had enough data, they'd all line up one after the other in a timeline. In other words, each of these markers is a direct representative of a specific man born at a specific time and place. For that reason, I like to say that "SNPs are people too." It's not literally true, of course, but conjures an image that is reasonably apropos.
Every marker above is a direct genetic representation of the first man born with that marker. However, each marker could represent three or four more men not born with a new, unique marker.
Count the number of markers upstream of any one kit. Then multiply that by four generations. I'll leave it to you detemine how many years makes a generation. This can be done for all kits descended from any one haplogroup. Average the grand total to get an average timeline for the haplogroup. The word "average" is, however, the key. The more participants, the more that number will change.
This is a simplified, barebones, stripped-down SNP Tree (as above). It's called a Quick Tree merely because it can be created once new results are downloaded. It has the advantage of allowing a tested group member to easily trace their SNP lineage.
| BY2920 BY23749 BY2973 BY3003 BY67407 FT28155 FT283369 BY128583 Z14414 FT382943 FT383353 FT383406 FT382327
| BY2920 BY23749 BY2973 BY3003 BY67407 FT28155 FT283369 BY128583 Z14414 FT109125 BY127371 BY89323 FT109167 BY133701 FT109430 BY147103 FT108778 FT109029
| BY2920 BY23749 BY2973 BY3003 BY67407 FT28155 FT283369 FT28954 BY91337 BY106365 BY117678 BY126759 FTH50591 4509931=TC BY62225 BY74105
| BY2920 BY23749 BY2973 BY3003 BY67407 FT28155 FT283369 FT28954 FT31869 FT359998 FT359770 FT359860 FT360647 FT360807 FT441506 --
|
Total SNPs: 63 |
STRs (Short Tandem Repeats) are the markers found on the results page of every FTDNA project. They're completely different from SNPs. For example, the number in the first column for the following markers, labeled DYS393, is merely the count of the number of times the sequence AGAT is repeated in the tester's cells. More about the markers can be found on the Wikipedia page for List of Y-STR markers.
The top line in this graphic, in gray, is the modal value. It represents the most common value found among each tester. The total number of mismatches any one tester has to the modal is noted in blue parenthesis next to the tester's kit number. This number is referred to as the genetic distance or GD. For example, a tester might be a GD of 1 from the modal's CDYb marker but with a total GD of 5 from the modal as a whole.
Here we compare the genetic distance between each tester rather than to the modal. This gives us a better idea as to how closely the testers are related to one another as opposed each to the modal, or mutual ancestor. The results tend to clump together by haplogroup. However, due to the volatile nature of STRs, the clumping is often inconsistent, as shown by the same graphics in the somewhat larger YP4248 Subclade Project. For this reason, STRs are unreliable for phylogeny. Nevertheless, the study can help direct us toward those kits that could provide the greatest impact on the project for Big Y upgrades.
The color version results from replacing the numeric values with color values. This doesn't tell us much for small groups but can be informative for groups of ten and more.
